Term
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Definition
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Source acknowledgement
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adept
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Very skilled, or proficient at something.
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Oxford Languages (2022). Oxford Languages and Google - English. [online] languages.oup.com. Available at: https://languages.oup.com/google-dictionary-en/.
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accomplished
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Highly trained, or skilled in a particular activity, perfected, expert
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Oxford Languages (2022). Oxford Languages and Google - English. [online] languages.oup.com. Available at: https://languages.oup.com/google-dictionary-en/.
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action research
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Is a study carried out in the course of an activity or occupation, to improve the methods and approach of those involved.
See appendix 6 for explanatory detail as to the way action research is used in this course.
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Oxford Languages (2022). Oxford Languages and Google - English. [online] languages.oup.com. Available at: https://languages.oup.com/google-dictionary-en/.
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aesthetic features
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Aesthetic features refer to those aspects of texts that prompt emotional and critical reactions.
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Macbeth. (n.d.). Handout: Aesthetic Features. [online] Available at: http://tlcmacbeth.weebly.com/handout-aesthetic-features.html#:~:text=Aesthetic%20features%20refer%20to%20those.
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analyse
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Consider in detail for the purpose of finding meaning or relationships, and identifying patterns, similarities and differences.
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Senior Secondary Australian Curriculum English
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annotations
annotating a text
or
text annotations
See also: marginalia
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What is Annotating?
Annotating is any action that deliberately interacts with a text to enhance the reader's understanding of, recall of and reaction to the text. Sometimes called "close reading," annotating usually involves highlighting or underlining key pieces of text and making notes in the margins of the text.’
‘Why Annotate?
By annotating a text, you will ensure that you understand what is happening in a text after you've read it. As you annotate, you should note the author's main points, shifts in the message or perspective of the text, key areas of focus and your own thoughts as you read.
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‘Reading and Study Strategies’, Writers’ Centre, Library Research Guides, Eastern Washington University. Accessed October 29, 2022.
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appraise
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Assess the value or quality of
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Oxford Languages (2022). Oxford Languages and Google - English. [online] languages.oup.com. Available at: https://languages.oup.com/google-dictionary-en/.
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appreciate
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The act of discerning quality and value of literary texts.
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Senior Secondary Australian Curriculum English
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appropriate
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suitable or proper in the circumstances
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Oxford Languages (2022). Oxford Languages and Google - English. [online] languages.oup.com. Available at: https://languages.oup.com/google-dictionary-en/.
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beginnings of novel or novella
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May refer to part of a chapter, a whole chapter or chapters
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coherent
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Orderly, logical and internally consistent relation of parts.
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Senior Secondary Australian Curriculum English
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comprehensive
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everything that is needed or relevant: a thorough understanding
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Collins (2019). Collins English Dictionary | Definitions, Translations, Example Sentences and Pronunciations. [online] Collinsdictionary.com. Available at: https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/.
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constructive and reasoned feedback
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Reasoned feedback – logical and sound; based on good sense; considered and moderate.
Constructive feedback aims at achieving a positive outcome by providing comments, advice, or suggestions that are relevant and useful for their work.
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Victoria State Government (2019). Feedback and reporting. [online] Vic.gov.au. Available at: https://www.education.vic.gov.au/school/teachers/teachingresources/practice/Pages/insight-feedback.aspx [Accessed 9 Dec. 2024].
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convincing
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Persuading or assuring by argument or evidence
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www.dictionary.com. (n.d.). Definition of convincing | Dictionary.com. [online] Available at: https://www.dictionary.com/browse/convincing [Accessed 9 Dec. 2024].
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creative nonfiction
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‘The banner of Creative Nonfiction defines the genre simply, succinctly and accurately as “true stories, well told.”….Creative nonfiction can be an essay, a journal article, a research paper, a memoir, a tweet; it can be personal or not, or it can be all of these….The word “creative” refers to the use of literary craft, the techniques writers use to tell stories about real people and events…in a compelling, vivid, dramatic manner.
The word “creative” has been criticized in this context because some people think it implies the writer can pretend or exaggerate or make up facts and embellish details. This is completely incorrect…. “Creative” doesn’t mean inventing what didn’t happen or reporting and describing what wasn’t there. It doesn’t mean that the writer has a license to lie. This cardinal rule is clear—and cannot be violated.’
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Creative Nonfiction. (n.d.). What Is Creative Nonfiction? [online] Available at: https://creativenonfiction.org/what-is-cnf/
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creative nonfiction elements and processes
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Truth, ethics, accuracy and fact-checking in writing creative nonfiction.
Authenticity, facts and emotional truth blurring fact and fiction, reflection, memory and imagination.
Narrative elements: narration, characters, setting, plot, figurative language, imagery, point of view, dialogue, theme.
Organization of subject matter: sequencing, in medias res, nonlinear narrative, braiding ideas together, juxtaposition, chronological pacing.
Literary techniques, voice, place form.
Extensive research, reporting.
Personal experiences or opinions.
Exposition or explanations.
How authority may be constructed to engage the reader.
Integration of storytelling strategies and research.
The hybridisation of genres.
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credible
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able to be believed
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Oxford Languages (2022). Oxford Languages and Google - English. [online] languages.oup.com. Available at: https://languages.oup.com/google-dictionary-en/
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critically analyses
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Examine the component parts of an issue or information, for example the premise of an argument and its plausibility, illogical reasoning or faulty conclusions.
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Senior Secondary Australian Curriculum English
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critically evaluates
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Evaluation of an issue or information that includes considering important factors and available evidence in making critical judgement that can be justified.
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Senior Secondary Australian Curriculum English
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critique
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Critique review for example a theory, practice, performance in a detailed, analytical and critical way.
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Queensland Senior English Syllabus
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devices
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‘Stylistic devices refer to any of a variety of techniques to give an additional and/or supplemental meaning, idea, or feeling. Also known as figures of speech or rhetorical devices, the goal of these techniques is to create imagery, emphasis, or clarity within a text in hopes of engaging the reader.
‘Literary devices or literary techniques are specific structures that writers often use to add meaning or create more compelling stories for the reader. Some common examples are metaphor, alliteration, hyperbole and imagery. These techniques can give the reader a greater understanding and meaning of the writer’s intent.’
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Study.com. (2021). [online] Available at: https://study.com/academy/lesson/stylistic-devices-definition-examples.html
Literary Devices. (2018). Literary Devices. [online] Available at: https://literary-devices.com/
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discerning
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showing insight and good judgment
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Oxford Languages (2022). Oxford Languages and Google - English. [online] languages.oup.com. Available at: https://languages.oup.com/google-dictionary-en/
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drafting
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The process of turning outlined ideas, plans and writing samples into first and subsequent drafts of sustained writing - developing an idea in complete thoughts in sentences and paragraphs, involving the selection and organisation of words and ideas, refinement of those in a clear structure and including seeking and applying feedback from critical friends/readers; may also include further ideation and research, as required.
This phase of the writing process is distinct from pre-writing phases; involving ideation strategies, planning, research and the writing of short samples and the final structural, copy and line editing.
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‘The Writing Process-Drafting and Editing’, Calvert Education, 2022. Accessed, July 4, 2022. Interpreted for the creative writing process for DoE by Nadine Frick, 2022.
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editing
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Structural and line editing - sequencing, pacing, continuity and plausibility; language choices and sentence structures.
Copyediting - for accuracy and clarity and proof reading.
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Bingham, Harry, 2022, Types of Editing: How To Choose’, Jericho Writers, 2022. Accessed July 6, 2022.
and
Grammar Factory, ‘The four types of editing, and which one is right for you’, Grammar Factory Publishing Company, 2019. Accessed July 6.
Summarised for DoE by Nadine Frick, July 6 2022.
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effective
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Successful in producing the intended, desired, or intended result
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Oxford Languages (2022). Oxford Languages and Google - English. [online] languages.oup.com. Available at: https://languages.oup.com/google-dictionary-en/
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ethical practice
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See MEAA Journalist code of ethics
Respect for truth and the public’s right to information are fundamental principles of journalism. Journalists search, disclose, record, question, entertain, comment and remember. They inform citizens and animate democracy. They scrutinise power, but also exercise it, and should be responsible and accountable.
MEAA members engaged in journalism commit themselves to:
Honesty
Fairness
Independence
Respect for the rights of others
Journalists will educate themselves about ethics and apply the following standards:
- Report and interpret honestly, striving for accuracy, fairness and disclosure of all essential facts. Do not suppress relevant available facts, or give distorting emphasis. Do your utmost to give a fair opportunity for reply.
- Do not place unnecessary emphasis on personal characteristics, including race, ethnicity, nationality, gender, age, sexual orientation, family relationships, religious belief, or physical or intellectual disability.
- Aim to attribute information to its source. Where a source seeks anonymity, do not agree without first considering the source’s motives and any alternative attributable source. Where confidences are accepted, respect them in all circumstances.
- Do not allow personal interest, or any belief, commitment, payment, gift or benefit, to undermine your accuracy, fairness or independence.
- Disclose conflicts of interest that affect, or could be seen to affect, the accuracy, fairness, or independence of your journalism. Do not improperly use a journalistic position for personal gain.
- Do not allow advertising or other commercial considerations to undermine accuracy, fairness, or independence.
- Do your utmost to ensure disclosure of any direct or indirect payment made for interviews, pictures, information, or stories.
- Use fair, responsible and honest means to obtain material. Identify yourself and your employer before obtaining any interview for publication or broadcast. Never exploit a person’s vulnerability or ignorance of media practice.
- Present pictures and sound which are true and accurate. Any manipulation likely to mislead should be disclosed.
- Do not plagiarise.
- Respect private grief and personal privacy. Journalists have the right to resist compulsion to intrude.
- Do your utmost to achieve fair correction of errors.
Guidance Clause: Basic values often need interpretation and sometimes come into conflict. Ethical journalism requires conscientious decision-making in context. Only substantial advancement of the public interest or risk of substantial harm to people allows any standard to be overridden.
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Media, Entertainment & Arts Alliance (2012). MEAA Journalist Code of Ethics. [online] MEAA. Available at: https://www.meaa.org/meaa-media/code-of-ethics/
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Industry submission standards
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Industry submission standard refers to Standard Manuscript Format (SMF).
There are specific industry standards that authors practice to format their manuscripts.
SMF rules may vary for different types of texts. For example, there are points of difference in formatting a poem or a short story or a novel. Each publisher’s submission guidelines vary.
While each publisher will have different requirements there are basic guidelines which apply to the:
- Title page, use of indent, spacing and standard font.
- 300-word synopsis
- 50-word author bio written in third person.
See submission guidelines.
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Davis, A. (n.d.). How to Prepare Your Manuscript for Big Aussie Publishers. [online] Writer’s Edit. Available at: https://writersedit.com/fiction-writing/prepare-manuscript-big-aussie-publishers/ [Accessed 9 Dec. 2024].
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innovative
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introducing new ideas; original and creative in thinking.
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Oxford Languages (2022). Oxford Languages and Google - English. [online] languages.oup.com. Available at: https://languages.oup.com/google-dictionary-en/
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language features
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The features of language that support meaning (for example, sentence structure, noun group/phrase, vocabulary, punctuation, figurative language, framing, camera angles). Choices in language features and text structures together define a type of text and shape its meaning. These choices vary according to the purpose of a text, its subject matter, audience and mode or medium of production.
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Senior Secondary Australian Curriculum English
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literary value
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Certain texts have been designated as ‘highly valued’ and have been accorded ‘canonical’ or ‘classic’ status because ‘experts’ declare them to have universal and timeless appeal. However, questions such as ‘Whose canon?’ and ‘How universal?’ and ‘What makes this popular?’ are always being asked. In fact, the value of any text is always under revision as the principles and processes for ascribing value vary across time and cultures and as popular culture texts emerge as classics. Literary value does not include the values expressed or implied in a text but refers specifically to how one can attribute worth to a text in terms of its value to ‘civilisation’, a culture, a society, or a particular group of people. Each of these groups may attribute a different value to the text and use different criteria to do so. Learners need to understand that texts may be valued for different reasons: their aesthetic value; the significance of their message; their historical value, the ways in which they innovate with technology or the way in which they exemplify important aspects of or movements in literature.
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NSW English Textual Concepts
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manuscript standard
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See Industry submission standards
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marginalia
See also: Annotations
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Notes in the margins.
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market
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In this course the use of ‘market’ refers to a group of people who an author thinks will be interested in their text.
A target market is the largest group of people who may be interested in a text.
A target audience is a subset of the target market. A target audience is an intended demographic, that writers assume will read or view their work. In other words
authors write with a purpose to meet audience expectations.
Some freelance writers and authors ‘write to a market’. ‘This means that they focus on the audience and growing trends first before crafting a story. The audience and the trends dictate what the author writes.’
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Pearce, J. (2022). Write to Market: What it Means for Authors and Freelance Writers. [online] thewritelife.com. Available at: https://thewritelife.com/write-to-market/ [Accessed 9 Dec. 2024].
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mode-appropriate features
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Include:
complementary features, including digital features such as graphics, still and moving images, design elements, music and sound effects
spoken/signed, for example pronunciation, phrasing and pausing, audibility and clarity, volume, pace, silence
non-verbal, for example facial expressions, gestures, proximity, stance, movement
written, for example conventional spelling and punctuation.
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Queensland Senior English Syllabus
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multimodal
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Contains or is crafted using two or more modes of communication and so ‘meaning is communicated through combinations of two or more modes. Modes include written language, spoken language and patterns of meaning that are visual, audio, gestural, tactile and spatial’ Victoria State Government.
Multimodal texts in this course will consist of the combination of linguistic – written words and visual -still images, visual layout design and formatting, font choices, symbols and infographics, in texts such as magazine articles, illustrated short stories and graphic novels.
Multimodal texts can also be crafted for an intended ‘print’ or ‘digital’ publication.
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‘Literacy Teaching Toolkit: Multimodal Literacy’, Education & Training, Victoria State Government. Accessed, October 29, 2022.
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Platforms
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‘Platforms' are modes of delivery or distribution of content, and of marketing for that content. Whilst usually digital in nature, for the purposes of this course the term refers to 'publishing platforms' and encompasses print, web and social media networks which exist as a means for writers and publishers to share and promote prepared content and to reach, or build, an audience/readership.
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Sources:
Moses, L. 2022, "The many definitions publishers use for ‘platform’”, Digiday, https://digiday.com/media/many-definitions-term-platform/accessed December 9, 2024.
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pitch
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The goal of any compelling story – short or long – is to evoke emotion and spark imagination while sprinkling in bits of tension and suspense along the way. As a communication strategist specializing in story, I’ve coached hundreds of entrepreneurs on the fine art of the pitch. Every time I do, I’m dazzled by how much story can be packed into a 60-second pitch.’
‘For a writer or reporter, pitching an article is the first—and often most nerve-wracking—step in the process of getting published:
do some pre-reporting
fill in the details
show off your writing skills
understand the news value
make it timely’.
‘At its core, the one-minute pitch is the foundation of a well-considered positioning strategy. If done well, it creates a solid underpinning for marketing…
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Creative Screenwriting. (n.d.). Telling Your Story In A One Minute Pitch. [online] Available at: https://www.creativescreenwriting.com/telling-your-story-in-a-one-minute-pitch/ [Accessed 9 Dec. 2024].
www.banffcentre.ca (n.d.). How to Write a Good Pitch: Tips from the Editor of The Atlantic. [online] Available at: https://www.banffcentre.ca/articles/how-write-good-pitch-tips-editor-atlantic [Accessed 9 Dec. 2024].
Bizjournals.com. (2022). [online] Available at: https://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/blog/2014/06/how-to-perfect-your-one-minute-pitch-and-capture.html#:~:text=At%20its%20core%2C%20the%20one [Accessed 9 Dec. 2024].
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polished
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Refined, sophisticated, accomplished and skilful
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Oxford Languages (2022). Oxford Languages and Google - English. [online] languages.oup.com. Available at: https://languages.oup.com/google-dictionary-en/
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professionalism
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‘If you’re aiming to be a professional writer, it’s going to take more than writing skills. There are certain things you should do as part of your writing lifestyle and ways you should act when dealing with other industry professionals…’:
practice your craft
treat writing like a job, be disciplined and write daily – but don’t write all day
know the industry: research agents and publishers, read your genre, know what’s trending, follow industry news, competitions and awards, join professional organisations
treat people with respect: be polite, be patient, be formal, be punctual, follow instructions, respect people’s privacy
publish often: including self-publishing or sharing through your personal website
work on more than one writing project at a time but
don’t send your work to more than one publisher at a time
apply feedback received and see what happens.
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Gribble, Sarah, ‘How to Be an Author: Lessons in Professionalism for a Writing Career’, The Write Practice, accessed July 15, 2022.
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proficient
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competent or skilled in doing or using something.
Proficient standards represent a reasonable level of performance,
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ACARA Naplan Assessment Program
www.nap.edu.au. (n.d.). NAP - Standards.
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read to write
or
read like a writer
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‘The phrase “read like a writer” refers to thinking about how a text is written, considering the choices the writer makes, and reading to learn.
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Zang, Penny, ‘How to Read Like a Writer’, December 17, 2019. Accessed July 4, 2022.
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refinement
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The processes of either revision or reworking or both, plus any additional editing and proofing the student-author engages in to prepare their written work for submission.
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relevant
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Closely connected or appropriate to what is being done or considered
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Oxford Languages (2022). Oxford Languages and Google - English. [online] languages.oup.com. Available at: https://languages.oup.com/google-dictionary-en/
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satisfactory
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fulfilling expectations or needs; acceptable, though not outstanding or perfect.
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Oxford Languages (2022). Oxford Languages and Google - English. [online] languages.oup.com. Available at: https://languages.oup.com/google-dictionary-en/
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sophisticated
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Highly complicated or developed intellectually
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www.merriam-webster.com. (n.d.). Definition of SOPHISTICATED. [online] Available at: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sophisticated#:~:text=%3A%20highly%20complicated%20or%20developed%20%3A%20complex [Accessed 12 Dec. 2022].
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Studio practice – writer’s workshop
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Studio practice concerns the way in which a writer or an artist works. A writer’s workshop is a method of writing instruction based on the work of Donald Graves and Donald Murray. As in a professional writer’s workshop each learner is a working author. As in professional writing workshops, emphasis is placed on sharing work with the class, on peer conferencing and editing.
Writer's group: For this course, ‘writer’s group’ is a pair, small-group, or whole class peer support system, whereby learners put their studio practice skills into action doing such things as: sharing their own work, reading each other’s' work, receiving and providing critical feedback, evaluating the craft and process of writing, reading aloud of work.
See also Appendix 6.
Writer's workshop/s: For this course, ‘writer's workshop’ refers to all in-class activities and exercises in which students engage that are aimed at exploring and developing the craft and process of writing, including pre-writing, planning, research and editing strategies and learners' ability to ‘read like a writer’. Writer’s workshops will usually involve the learner writing in an online or physical journal.
Action research project: Studio practice also includes the action research project for each module which learners undertake in order to improve their writing craft and process in a more formal and systematic way (see Appendix 6).
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Welcome to Writer’ s Workshop. (n.d.). [online] Available at: https://www.ttms.org/PDFs/05%20Writers%20Workshop%20v001%20(Full).pdf. [Accessed 9 Dec. 2024].
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stylistic features
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The ways in which aspects of texts; such as words, sentences and images, are arranged and how they affect meaning. Style can distinguish the work of individual authors, as well as the work of a particular period or of a particular genre or type of text. Examples of stylistic features are narrative viewpoint, structure of stanzas, juxtaposition, nominalisation, alliteration, metaphor and lexical choice.
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Senior Secondary Australian Curriculum English
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submission requirements
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Presenting your manuscript.
Most publishing houses have strict guidelines for manuscript submissions. These include editorial guidelines and a check list for manuscript submission.
Editorial Guidelines provide advice on manuscript preparation:
headings, images, language, manuscript structure, non-western characters, information for general editors
style of copy – formatting, style for prelims and end matter, spelling and punctuation, notes and references and appendices
The following outlines industry standard layout:
white A4 paper
one-sided
double line spacing
indented paragraphs
12-point font
times new roman font
wide margins (at least 3cm)
do not bind or staple
manuscript in wallet-type folder secured with a heavy-duty elastic band, cloth tape or a fold-back clip
table of contents is included
copyright material falls within fair dealing limits
OR
permissions have been cleared and copies of permissions correspondence or invoices are provided. NB epigraphs and ornamental quotes do not fall within fair dealing.
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Bloomsbury Publishing Pty
Registered Office: Level 6, 387 George St, Sydney 2000 NSW, Australia
© Bloomsbury Publishing Pty 2024
Writing NSW Getting Published
Callan Park, Balmain Rd
LILYFIELD NSW
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sustained
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Consistency maintained throughout.
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Senior Secondary Australian Curriculum English
|
synthesise
|
to make (something) by combining different things in order to make something new or create a new understanding
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www.britannica.com. (n.d.). Synthesize Definition & Meaning | Britannica Dictionary. [online] Available at: https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/synthesize
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textual conventions and structures
|
The structures of the selected forms or text types.
The ways in which information is organised in different types of texts for example layout, heading, lead, subheadings, overviews, introductory and concluding paragraphs, sequencing, topic sentences, cause and effect; choices in text structures and language features together define a text type and shape its meaning; examples of text structures in literary texts include sonnets, monologues and hypertext.
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Senior Secondary Australian Curriculum English
|
text elements
|
Are the technical terms for the ‘what’ of a literary text, they are the language features and concepts in texts
|
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trends
|
Writing to a trend
‘A trend is something that is currently popular or fashionable’.
Finding trends requires researching texts that are selling for a particular market or target audience. For example, trends can be found by looking at: covers, titles, publishers, themes, tropes, settings, key words and descriptions and ‘top ten books’, and their rankings.
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www.britannica.com. (n.d.). Trend Definition & Meaning | Britannica Dictionary. [online] Available at: https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/trends [Accessed 9 Dec. 2024].
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