accuracy
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The condition or quality of being true, correct or exact; freedom from error or defect; precision or exactness; correctness; in science, the extent to which a measurement result represents the quantity it purports to measure; an accurate measurement result includes an estimate of the true value and an estimate of the uncertainty.
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Queensland Curriculum and Assessment Authority (QCAA)
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accurate
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Precise and exact; to the point; consistent with, or exactly conforming to a truth, standard, rule, model, convention or known facts; free from error or defect; meticulous; correct in all details.
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Queensland Curriculum and Assessment Authority (QCAA)
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analyse
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Consider in detail for the purpose of finding meaning or relationships, and identifying patterns, similarities and differences.
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Senior Secondary Australian Curriculum English
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appropriate
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Acceptable; suitable or fitting for a particular purpose, circumstance, context, etc.
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Queensland General English Syllabus 2019
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clearly
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In a clear manner; plainly and openly, without ambiguity.
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Queensland Curriculum and Assessment Authority (QCAA)
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coherent
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Orderly, logical and internally consistent relation of parts.
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Senior Secondary Australian Curriculum English
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cohesion
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Grammatical or lexical relationships that bind different parts of a text together and give it unity. Cohesion is achieved through various devices such as connectives, ellipses and word associations, sometimes called lexical cohesion.
These associations include synonyms, antonyms, for example, ‘study/laze about’, ‘ugly/beautiful’, repetition, for example, ‘work, work, work – that’s all we do!’ and collocation, for example, ‘friend’ and ‘pal’ in, ‘My friend did me a big favour last week. She’s been a real pal.’.
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The Australian Curriculum
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cohesive
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Characterised by being united, bound together or having integrated meaning; forming a united whole.
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Queensland Senior Secondary English Course
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cohesive devices
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Features of vocabulary, syntax and grammar that bind different parts of a text together; examples include connectives, ellipses, synonyms; in multimodal texts examples include establishing shots in films and icons for links on web pages
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Senior Secondary Provision
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compare
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Display recognition of similarities and differences and recognise the significance of these similarities and differences
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Queensland Literacy Syllabus 2018
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competent
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Having suitable or sufficient skills, knowledge, experience, etc. For some purpose; adequate but not exceptional; capable; suitable or sufficient for the purpose; acceptable and satisfactory, though not outstanding.
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Queensland Curriculum and Assessment Authority (QCAA)
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competently
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In an efficient and capable way, in an acceptable and satisfactory, though not outstanding, way.
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Queensland Curriculum and Assessment Authority (QCAA)
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comprehensively
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Wide-ranging; detailed and thorough, including all that is relevant.
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connecting
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Connecting is recognising relationships between texts and between texts and own lives.
In this course learners make connections between:
- texts and their own life
- elements of texts; for example words and images
- common ideas, experiences and texts.
Identifiable links between texts and contexts.
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New South Wales English Textual Concepts Learning Processes
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context
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The environment in which a text is responded to or created. Context can include the general social, historical and cultural conditions in which a text is responded to and created (the context of culture) or the specific features of its immediate environment (context of situation). The term is also used to refer to the wording surrounding an unfamiliar word that a reader or listener uses to understand its meaning.
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ACARA English Glossary
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control
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Shows the exercise of restraint or direction over; held in check; restrained, managed or kept within certain bounds.
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ACARA English Glossary
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convention
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An accepted practice that has developed over time and is generally used and understood; for example, the use of specific structural aspects of texts such as in report writing with sections for introduction, background, discussion and recommendations. Conventions can be techniques, features or elements that belong to a genre. In order to belong to a particular genre, a text should adhere to, abide by or follow the conventions of that genre.
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Government of Western Australia, School Curriculum and Standards Authority, Year 11 English Glossary
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creative
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Resulting from originality of thought or expression; relating to or involving the use of the imagination or original ideas to create something; having good imagination or original ideas.
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Queensland Curriculum and Assessment Authority (QCAA)
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creative or expressive texts
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Are those multimodal texts which utilise more conventional, recognised creative/expressive forms, such as fictional, short or feature films, animation, music videos, graphic novels/comics, which are accessed via a range of platforms, and those texts which experiment with form, “…producing new creative forms, such as digital sampling, skinning and modding, fan videomaking… zines, mashups” (Jenkins et.al. 2006), often appearing in digital, participatory spaces.
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Jenkins, H. (2006). Fans, bloggers, and gamers: Exploring participatory culture. nyu Press
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critical
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Involving skilful judgment as to truth, merit, etc.; involving the objective analysis and evaluation of an issue in order to form a judgment; expressing or involving an analysis of the merits and faults of a work of literature, music, or art; incorporating a detailed and scholarly analysis and commentary (of a text); rationally appraising for logical consistency and merit.
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Queensland Curriculum and Assessment Authority (QCAA)
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critically analyse
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Examine the component parts of an issue or information, for example the premise of an argument and its plausibility, illogical reasoning or faulty conclusions.
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Senior Secondary Australian Curriculum English
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develop
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In English: begin to build an opinion or idea.
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ACARA English Glossary
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discerning
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showing insight and good judgment
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Oxford Languages (2022).
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effect
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Selecting and using language features that promote a particular interpretation and reaction of an audience.
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Senior Secondary Provision
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effective
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Successful in producing the intended, desired or expected result.
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Queensland General English Syllabus 2019
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ethical research practices
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Align to academic integrity where learners undertake their studies in a way that is honest and fair as outlined in the information identified in TASC’s Academic Integrity Guide.
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Senior Secondary Provision
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evaluate
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Make an appraisal by weighing up or assessing strengths, implications and limitations; make judgments about ideas, works, solutions or methods in relation to selected criteria; examine and determine the merit, value or significance of something, based on criteria.
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Senior Secondary Provision
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examine
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Investigate, inspect or scrutinise; inquire or search into; consider or discuss an argument or concept in a way that uncovers the assumptions and interrelationships of the issue.
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Queensland Curriculum and Assessment Authority (QCAA)
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exhibit
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In this course exhibit is synonymous with presentation and sharing.
Exhibition refers to projects, presentations or projects through which students exhibit what they have learned, usually as a way of demonstrating whether and to what degree they have achieved expected learning outcomes.
An exhibition may take many forms or text types. Interacting with others is part of this process.
Adjustments should be made based on learners’ capabilities.
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https://www.edglossary.org/exhibition/
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explain
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Make an idea or situation plain or clear by describing it in more detail or revealing relevant facts; give an account; provide additional information.
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Queensland Senior Secondary English Course
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explore
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Look into both closely and broadly; scrutinise; inquire into or discuss something in detail.
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Queensland General English Syllabus 2019
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generate ideas
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Produce, create ideas.
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Queensland General English Syllabus 2019
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idea
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In this course, the word has an open meaning and can be interpreted as understandings, thoughts, notions, opinions, views or beliefs.
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Government of Western Australia School Curriculum and Standards Authority Year 11 Glossary
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ideate
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To think of an idea or ideas.
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Cambridge English Dictionary
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innovative
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New and original; introducing new ideas; original and creative in thinking.
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Queensland Curriculum and Assessment Authority (QCAA)
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inquiry skills and learning processes
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To be effective inquirers students need to:
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Focus on Inquiry Jeni Wilson and Lesly Wing Jan and the New South Wales Textual Concepts: Learning Processes
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intended
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Designed; meant; done on purpose; intentional.
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Queensland Curriculum and Assessment Authority (QCAA)
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investigate
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Carry out an examination or formal inquiry in order to establish or obtain facts and reach new conclusions; search, inquire into, interpret and draw conclusions about data and information.
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Queensland Curriculum and Assessment Authority (QCAA)
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issues
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Matters of personal or public concern that are in dispute; things which directly or indirectly affect a person or members of a society and are considered to be problems. Many issues are raised in texts and it is for the reader/audience to identify these.
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Government of Western Australia, School Curriculum and Standards Authority, Year 11 English Glossary
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justify
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Give reasons or evidence to support an answer, response or conclusion; show or prove how an argument, statement or conclusion is right or reasonable.
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Queensland Curriculum and Assessment Authority (QCAA)
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language features
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The features of language that support meaning; for example, sentence structure, noun group/phrase, vocabulary, punctuation, figurative language, framing, camera angles.
They relate to oral, written, multimodal texts and all text types.
Choices in language features and text structures together define a type of text and shape its meaning. These choices vary according to the purpose of a text, its subject matter, audience and mode or medium of production.
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ACARA English Glossary
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literary device
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Are techniques that writers use to create a special and pointed effect in their writing, to convey information, or to help readers understand their writing on a deeper level.
Often, literary devices are used in writing for emphasis or clarity. Authors will also use literary devices to get readers to connect more strongly with either a story as a whole or specific characters or themes.
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Senior Secondary Provision
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logical
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Rational and valid; internally consistent; reasonable; reasoning in accordance with the principles/rules of logic or formal argument; characterised by or capable of clear, sound reasoning; (of an action, decision, etc.) expected or sensible under the circumstances.
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Queensland Curriculum and Assessment Authority (QCAA)
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logically
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According to the rules of logic or formal argument; in a way that shows clear, sound reasoning; in a way that is expected or sensible.
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Queensland Curriculum and Assessment Authority (QCAA)
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manipulate
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Adapt or change to suit one.
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Queensland Curriculum and Assessment Authority (QCAA)
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media
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Spoken, print, graphic or electronic communications with a public audience. They often involve numerous people in their construction and are usually shaped by the technology used in their production. The media texts studied in English can be found in newspapers and magazines and on television, film, radio, computer software and the internet.
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Senior Secondary Provision
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media texts
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Spoken, print, graphic or electronic communications with a public audience; they often involve numerous people in their construction and are usually shaped by the technology used in their production; media texts can be found in newspapers and magazines and on television, film, radio, computer software and the internet.
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Australian Curriculum
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medium
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A resource used in the production of texts, including tools and materials used; for example, digital text and a computer, writing and a pen or a typewriter.
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ACARA English Glossary
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mode
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The various processes of communication: listening, speaking, reading/viewing and writing/creating. Modes are also used to refer to the semiotic (meaning-making) resources associated with these communicative processes, such as sound, print, image and gesture.
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ACARA English Glossary
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mode appropriate features
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Include:
- written; for example, conventional spelling and punctuation
- spoken/signed; for example, pronunciation, phrasing and pausing, audibility and clarity, volume, pace, silence
- ·non-verbal; for example, facial expressions, gestures, proximity, stance, movement
- complementary features, including digital features such as graphics, still and moving images, design elements, music and sound effects.
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Queensland General English Syllabus 2019
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multimodal
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Uses a combination of at least two modes; for example, spoken and written, delivered at the same time, to communicate ideas and information to a live or virtual audience, for a particular purpose; the selected modes are integrated so that each mode contributes significantly to the response.
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Queensland General English Syllabus 2019
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multimodal text
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A combination of two or more communication modes; for example, print, image and spoken text, as in film or computer presentations. For example:
- print-based multimodal texts; for example, picture books, textbooks, graphic novels, newspapers, comics, posters, etc.
- digital multimodal texts; for example, slide presentations, e-books, blogs, e-posters, web pages and social media, animations, film, video games, etc.
- live multimodal texts; for example, dance, performance, oral storytelling, etc., which combine various modes such as gestural, spatial, audio and oral language.
- transmedia: use many channels or modes to disseminate a message or tell a story through the combination of multiple media platforms.
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ACARA English Glossary
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multimodal features
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Linguistic – word choice; delivery of spoken or written text (tone); organization into sentences, phrases, paragraphs, etc.; coherence of individual words and ideas.
Visual – colour, layout, style, size, perspective
Audio – music; sound effects; ambient noise or sounds; silence; tone; emphasis and accent of voice in spoken language; volume of sound.
Spatial – arrangement, organization, proximity between people and objects.
Gestural – facial expressions, hand gestures, body language, interactions between people.
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Senior Secondary Provision
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narrative conventions
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For example, narrative conventions comprise but are not limited to:
- themes
- structure and plot development
- point of view and narrative voice
- setting, context
- characterisation
- figurative language, connotation imagery, symbols, style, tone and mood
- dialogue, language register, stage directions
- ·vocabulary choice; nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs, active and passive voice
- sentence structure and length
- literary devices
- editing
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Senior Secondary Provision
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particular
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Distinguished or different from others or from the ordinary; noteworthy.
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Queensland General English Syllabus 2019
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persuasive
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Capable of changing someone’s ideas, opinions or beliefs; appearing worthy of approval or acceptance; (of an argument or statement) communicating reasonably or credibly.
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Queensland General English Syllabus 2019
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persuasive techniques
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For example:
- appeals
- colloquial language
- connotations
- emotive words
- expert opinion
- hyperbole
- inclusive language
- imagery
- logic
- metaphor, pun, simile
- repetition
- sarcasm
- tone.
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Senior Secondary Provision
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perspective
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Perspective is a lens through which we learn to see the world; it shapes what we see and the way we see it. Readers and viewers may be positioned to accept or reject particular perspectives. Shared perspectives are markers of groups.
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Senior Secondary Provision
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point of view
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Point of view in a text is the position from which the subject matter of a text is designed to be perceived. In defining a point of view the writer, speaker or director of the text controls what we see and how we relate to the situation, characters or ideas in the text. Point of view may be expressed through a narrator or through a character (focaliser in a novel, persona in a poem) and because we are invited to adopt this point of view, we often align ourselves with the character or narrator. The point of view constructed in a text cannot be assumed to be that of the composer.
Composers can privilege certain points of view by choosing a particular narrative stance including omniscient, limited, 1st, 2nd or 3rd person narrator. In visual, film and digital texts, point of view is indicated through such devices as foregrounding in visual images, types of camera shots or guiding a pathway of navigation through a web site. In spoken and audio texts the tone and accompanying sounds convey a point of view. Point of view therefore constructs an attitude towards the subject matter in a text which the reader, listener or viewer is invited to adopt.
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Senior Secondary Provision
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positioning
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How texts influence responders to read in certain ways; responders are positioned or invited to construct particular meanings in relation to the characters, the arguments, or the groups in a text; a selection of techniques of composition influencing the responder to adopt a particular point of view and interpret a text in a particular way; composers position responders by selectively using detail or argument, by carefully shaping focus and emphasis and by choosing language and other textual features that promote a particular interpretation and reaction.
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Senior Secondary Provision
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refined
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Developed or improved so as to be precise, exact or subtle.
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Queensland Curriculum and Assessment Authority (QCAA)
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reflect
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Think about deeply and carefully.
In this course learners use reflective thinking to consider why things happen and what can be learnt from these experiences.
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Queensland General English Syllabus 2019
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register
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The degree of formality or informality of language used for a particular purpose or in a particular social setting.
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ACARA English Glossary
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relevant
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Bearing upon or connected with the matter in hand; to the purpose; applicable and pertinent; having a direct bearing on.
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Queensland General English Syllabus 2019
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represent
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Use words, images, symbols, or signs to convey meaning.
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ACARA English Glossary
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representation
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Representation refers to the way people, events, issues, or subjects are presented in a text. The term implies that texts are not mirrors of the real world; they are constructions of ‘reality’. These constructions are partially shaped through the writer’s use of conventions and techniques.
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Government of Western Australia
School Curriculum and Standards Authority
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review
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View or inspect again.
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sequence
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Place in a continuous or connected series; arrange in a particular order.
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Queensland Curriculum and Assessment Authority (QCAA)
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shape meaning
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The way in which authors select and use evidence, persuasive techniques and language choices to influence and position audiences
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Senior Secondary Provision
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sophisticated
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Highly complicated or developed intellectually
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www.merriam-webster.com
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specific
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Clearly defined or identified; precise and clear in making statements or issuing instructions; having a special application or reference; explicit, or definite; peculiar or proper to something, as qualities, characteristics, effects, etc.
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Queensland General English Syllabus 2019
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structure
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Text structure is used to organise information to suit the type of text and its purpose.
Verb: give a pattern, organisation or arrangement to; construct or arrange according to a plan.
Noun: in English, arrangement of words into larger units; for example, phrases, clauses, sentences, paragraphs and whole texts, in line with cultural, intercultural and textual conventions.
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Queensland General English Syllabus 2019
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structured
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Arranged in a given, organised sequence.
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ACARA English Glossary
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supported
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Corroborated; given greater credibility by providing evidence.
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Queensland General English Syllabus 2019
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subject matter
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Subject matter is the body of information, mental procedures and psychomotor procedures (see Marzano & Kendall 2007, 2008) that are necessary for students’ learning and engagement with this course.
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Queensland Essential English Syllabus 2019
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sustained
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Carried on continuously, without interruption, or without any diminishing of intensity or extent.
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Queensland Senior English Syllabus
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syntax
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The ways in which sentences are formed from words, group/phrases and clauses. In some education settings, the terms ‘syntax’ and ‘grammar’ are used interchangeably.
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Australian Curriculum
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synthesise
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to make (something) by combining different things in order to make something new or create a new understanding
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www.britannica.com
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text
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In this course texts refer to oral, written and multimodal.
Communication of meaning produced in any medium that incorporates language, including sound, print, film, digital and multimedia representations; texts include written, spoken, nonverbal or visual communication of meaning; they may be extended unified works or series of related pieces.
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Queensland General English Syllabus 2019
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text structure(s)
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The ways in which information is organised in different types of texts; for example, chapter headings, subheadings, tables of contents, indexes and glossaries, overviews, introductory and concluding paragraphs, sequencing, topic sentences, taxonomies, cause and effect.
Choices in text structures and language features together define a text type and shape its meaning.
Examples of text structures in literary texts include sonnets, monologues and hypertext.
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ACARA English Glossary
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text types
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Classifications of texts according to the particular purposes they are designed to achieve. In general, in the senior courses in the English curriculum, texts are classified as creative, imaginative, interpretive, persuasive or analytical types of texts, although these distinctions are neither static nor discrete and particular texts can belong to more than one category.
Analytical texts
- Texts whose primary purpose is to identify, examine and draw conclusions about the elements or components that make up other texts. Analytical texts develop an argument or consider or advance an interpretation. Examples of these texts include commentaries, essays in criticism, reflective or discursive responses and reviews.
Creative texts
- Texts whose primary purpose is to entertain or provoke thought through their creative use of language and literary elements. They are recognised for their form, style and artistic or aesthetic value. Creativity is the act of creating something in the ‘real world.’
Imaginative texts
- Texts whose primary purpose is to entertain or provoke thought through their imaginative use of literary elements. They are recognised for their form, style and artistic or aesthetic value. These texts include novels, traditional tales, poetry, stories, plays, fiction for young adults and children, including picture books and multimodal texts, such as film. Imaginative is free from the confines of reality.
Interpretive texts
- Texts whose primary purpose is to explain and interpret personalities, events, ideas, representations or concepts. They include autobiography, biography, feature articles, documentary, satire and allegory.
Persuasive texts
- Texts whose primary purpose is to put forward a viewpoint and persuade a reader, viewer or listener. They form a significant part of modern communication in both print and digital environments. They include advertising, debates, arguments, discussions, polemics and essays and articles.
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ACARA English Glossary
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transdisciplinary learning processes
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The inquiry skills are developed through the following learning processes:
- understanding – engage and ideate
- connecting – connect and apply
- engaging critically – ideate, connect and apply
- engaging personally – connect and apply
- reflecting – reflect and apply
- experimenting – engage and ideate.
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Senior Secondary Provision
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values
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Characteristics, qualities, philosophical and emotional stances; for example, moral principles or standards often shared with others in a cultural group.
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Queensland General English Syllabus 2019
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